ABSTRACT
Background: Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a new disease that causes clinical symptoms that vary from mild to severe. As a new disease, there is no standard treatment for the disease. Several drugs are used to treat COVID-19, most of which were previously used for other diseases, and the efficacy in COVID-19 is not yet known. This study aimed to evaluate COVID-19 therapy in the early phase of the pandemic. Methods: In this study, we evaluate data on the characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in several hospitals in Indonesia from March until December 2020. We also evaluate the therapy given and the results of the therapy. Results: Most hospitalized patients in this study were mild to moderate COVID-19 patients. The most common combination therapy was chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin (79.4%). A small number of patients received chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine without Azithromycin (9.3%), and only a few did not get chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine therapy (10.8%). The clinical outcome appeared to be better in the chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin group than in the other groups. The mortality rate was lower in the chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin group (2.6%) compared to those in the chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine group (52%) and the group without chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine (38%). However, the chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin group had better baseline characteristics and received more additional medications, such as oseltamivir, corticosteroid, and levofloxacin, rather than levofloxacin, the other groups. Conclusion: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Indonesia from March until December 2020 mostly had mild to moderate COVID-19. Most of them received treatment combinations consisting of chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin. The most common combination therapy for hospitalized COVID-19 patients was chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin. The clinical symptom improvement was seen mainly in this group.
ABSTRACT
A new strain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a contagious respiratory disorder resulting in illness. Meanwhile, the World Health Organization classified this virus as a pandemic due to its rapid transmission and daily growing fatality rates. The condition is commonly manifested as clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, and cardiovascular disease. Although there is a high probability of COVID-19 patients developing cardiovascular problems, such as hypertension, there is no established causative association between both conditions. In general, this type of comorbidity is extremely common in the elderly, which increases their risk of infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The International Society of Hypertension issued the most recent guidelines for the treatment and management of hypertension in 2020, of which the most employed are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-i) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). Therefore, this research aims to investigate the treatment of ACE-i/ARB in hypertensive individuals with COVID-19. The reason is that there have been some concerns expressed about the usage of these medications due to their influence on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is the entrance site for SARS-CoV-2, particularly in the lungs. Subsequently, the results showed that discontinuing ACE-i/ARB is not advised, especially during the pandemic. This is based on data comparing mortality rates between participants on ACE-i/ARB and those not on ACE-i/ARB using cases and guidelines for managing hypertension during the pandemic.
ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS–CoV– 2) is a pathogen virus from the infectious Coronavirus disease which was reported first in Wuhan, Hubei Province, by the People’s Republic of China to WHO on December 31st, 2019. Due to its rapid and global spread that infected about 2 million people with mortality rate of more than 150.000, it was declared a pandemic on March 12th, 2020. The opening speech of the WHO Director General on the media about COVID-19 was carried out on March 18th, 2020, and it was stated that the virus needs rapid and large scale tests. Therefore, Solidarity Test was chosen because it may help reduce 80% of the time that is needed in a research rather than random clinical check that requires longer time. Based on the data from several countries, it was found that COVID-19 is a systemic infection disease that brings significant effect to hematopoietic systems and hemostasis such as low ALC and high LDH which was found in many ICU patients. Lymphopenia is considered to be a cardinal laboratory finding with potentials of being a prognosis. Blood disorders in COVID-19 are divided are divided into two, namely malignant and non-malignant. However, this study mainly focused on non-malignant blood disorders.
ABSTRACT
At the end of 2019, flu-like illness and pneumonia with an unknown cause first appeared in China. Later it is identified as Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) This life-threatening disease spreads fastly worldwide and makes some disturbances in the health system, economy, and society. It affects many organs, especially the respiratory tract. Kidney involvement presents a lot of patients and increases morbidity and mortality. A recent study showed that abnormal kidney function was related to death in patients with COVID-19. This complication should be considered to prevent the worsening of the disease. The immune system plays a major role in this pathogenesis of disease and kidney problems. In this difficult situation, understanding COVID-19 and kidney diseases will help us to get proper management and prevention to solve the problem. © 2020 EManuscript Technologies. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an extremely contagious disease affecting almost every country in the world. This disease makes some problems in the health system, society, politics, and economy. Several reports showed that mortality in COVID-19 patients was related to abnormal kidney function. This condition should be considered to prevent death. Some investigational drugs are on the way in the preclinical and clinical trials. Some of them no have a study for safety in the kidney especially in chronic kidney disease patients including those who undergo hemodialysis. Some give a satisfying effect. Understanding COVID-19, kidney diseases, and drugs will help us to get the most potent treatment. © 2020 EManuscript Technologies. All rights reserved.